GLOBAL KIDNEY ACADEMY
GLOBAL KIDNEY ACADEMY
Global Kidney Academy
Welcome to a global nephrology curriculum focused on the current treatment challenges and opportunities to address the unmet medical needs of the patient with chronic kidney disease. The Academy aims to improve learner confidence and patient outcomes in the management of chronic kidney disease and progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) through a holistic approach based on current guidelines, evidence-based medicine and real-world data.
Resources
Publications
Glucocorticoid Toxicity Index scores by domain in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis treated with avacopan versus standard prednisone taper: post-hoc analysis of data from the ADVOCATE trial
Patel NJ, Jayne DRW, Merkel PA, et al. Glucocorticoid Toxicity Index scores by domain in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis treated with avacopan versus standard prednisone taper: post-hoc analysis of data from the ADVOCATE trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2023;5(3):e130-e138. doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(23)00030-9
The impact of treatment with avacopan on health-related quality of life in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a post-hoc analysis of data from the ADVOCATE trial
Strand V, Jayne DRW, Horomanski A, Yue H, Bekker P, Merkel PA; ADVOCATE Study Group. The impact of treatment with avacopan on health-related quality of life in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a post-hoc analysis of data from the ADVOCATE trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2023;5(8):e451-e460. doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(23)00092-9
Diagnosis and management of ANCA-associated vasculitis
Kronbichler A, Bajema IM, Bruchfeld A, Mastroianni Kirsztajn GM, Stone JH. Diagnosis and management of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Lancet. 2024;403(10427):683-698. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01736-1
Long-term outcome of kidney function in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis
Alamo BS, Moi L, Bajema I, et al. Long-term outcome of kidney function in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Published online January 24, 2024. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfae018
Diagnosis and management of ANCA-associated vasculitis
Kronbichler A, Bajema IM, Bruchfeld A, Mastroianni Kirsztajn GM, Stone JH. Diagnosis and management of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Lancet. 2024;403(10427):683-698. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01736-1
Long-term outcome of kidney function in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis
Alamo BS, Moi L, Bajema I, et al. Long-term outcome of kidney function in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Published online January 24, 2024. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfae018
Use of avacopan in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and estimated glomerular filtration rate <15 ml/min per 1.73 m2
Barr B, Cheema K, Fifi-Mah A, Garner S, Girard LP. Use of avacopan in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and estimated glomerular filtration rate <15 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Kidney Int Rep. Published online January 11, 2024. doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2024.01.006
Avacopan for ANCA-associated vasculitis with hypoxic pulmonary haemorrhage
Chalkia A, Flossmann O, Jones R, et al. Avacopan for ANCA-associated vasculitis with hypoxic pulmonary haemorrhage. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Published online January 24, 2024. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfae020
Successful treatment of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis following pulmonary alveolar proteinosis by rituximab and avacopan
Sugawara M, Osanami A, Asai Y, et al. Successful treatment of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis following pulmonary alveolar proteinosis by rituximab and avacopan. Rheumatology (Oxford). Published online August 21, 2023. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kead421
Avacopan improves patient perspective on steroid-related toxicity effects in a case with ANCA-associated vasculitis
Korsten P, Tampe B. Avacopan improves patient perspective on steroid-related toxicity effects in a case with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2023;7(2):rkad058. doi:10.1093/rap/rkad058
ANCA associated vasculitis subtypes: recent insights and future perspectives
Austin K, Janagan S, Wells M, Crawshaw H, McAdoo S, Robson JC. ANCA associated vasculitis subtypes: recent insights and future perspectives. J Inflamm Res. 2022;15:2567-2582. doi:10.2147/JIR.S284768
Adjunctive Treatment With Avacopan, an Oral C5a Receptor Inhibitor, in Patients With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
Merkel PA, Niles J, Jimenez R, et al. Adjunctive treatment with avacopan, an oral C5a receptor inhibitor, in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2020;2(11):662-671.
Avacopan for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis
Jayne DRW, Merkel PA, Schall TJ, Bekker P; ADVOCATE Study Group. Avacopan for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(7):599-609. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2023386
A novel glucocorticoid-free maintenance regimen for ANCA-associated vasculitis
Pepper RJ, McAdoo SP, Moran SM, et al. A novel glucocorticoid-free maintenance regimen for anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019;58(2):260-268. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/key288
Guidelines
KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) ANCA Vasculitis Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis. Kidney Int. 2024 Mar;105(3S):S71-S116. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.008
Executive Summary
Floege J, Jayne DRW, Sanders JSF, et al. Executive summary of the KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Kidney Int. 2024 Mar;105(3):447-449. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.009.
Clinical practice guidelines of the Japan Research Committee of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare for Intractable Vasculitis for the management of microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis: The 2023 update – secondary publication
Sada KE, Nagasaka K, Kaname S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines of the Japan Research Committee of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare for Intractable Vasculitis for the management of microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis: The 2023 update – secondary publication. Mod Rheumatol. Published online July 28, 2023. doi:10.1093/mr/road081
Systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV): part 1—treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis
Schirmer JH, Sanchez-Alamo B, Hellmich B, et al. Systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV): part 1—treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis. RMD Open. 2023;9(3):e003082. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003082
EULAR recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis: 2022 update
Hellmich B, Sanchez-Alamo B, Schirmer JH, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis: 2022 update. Ann Rheum Dis . Published Online March 16, 2023. doi:10.1136/ard-2022-223764
Patient Resources
Patient resources sponsored by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (GARD)
Publications
Efficacy and safety of sparsentan versus irbesartan in patients with IgA nephropathy (PROTECT): 2-year results from a randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial
Rovin BH, Barratt J, Heerspink HJL, et al; DUPRO Steering Committee and PROTECT Investigators. Efficacy and safety of sparsentan versus irbesartan in patients with IgA nephropathy (PROTECT): 2-year results from a randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. Published online November 3, 2023. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02302-4
Sparsentan: a first-in-class dual endothelin and angiotensin II receptor antagonist
Chiu AW, Bredenkamp N. Sparsentan: a first-in-class dual endothelin and angiotensin II receptor antagonist. Ann Pharmacother. Published online September 14, 2023. doi:10.1177/10600280231198925
Status of current trials and potential future trials with sparsentan
Trachtman H, Komers R, Inrig J. Status of current trials and potential future trials with sparsentan. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. Published online July 23, 2023. doi:10.1080/14728214.2023.2239151
Sparsentan in patients with IgA nephropathy: a prespecified interim analysis from a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial
Heerspink HJL, Radhakrishnan J, Alpers CE, et al; PROTECT Investigators. Sparsentan in patients with IgA nephropathy: a prespecified interim analysis from a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2023;401(10388):1584-1594. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00569-X
Supportive management of IgA nephropathy with renin-angiotensin blockade, the AIIMS Primary IgA Nephropathy Cohort (APPROACH Study)
Bagchi S, Mani K, Swamy A, et al. Supportive management of IgA nephropathy with renin-angiotensin blockade, the AIIMS Primary IgA Nephropathy Cohort (APPROACH) study. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(6):1661-1668. doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2021.02.018
Proteinuria reduction as a surrogate end point in trials of IgA nephropathy
Thompson A, Carroll K, Inker LA, et al. Proteinuria reduction as a surrogate end point in trials of IgA nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;14(3):469-481. doi:10.2215/CJN.08600718
IgA nephropathy
Rodrigues JC, Haas M, Reich HN. IgA nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(4):677-686. doi:10.2215/CJN.07420716
Sparsentan in patients with IgA nephropathy: a prespecified interim analysis from a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial
Heerspink HJL, Radhakrishnan J, Alpers CE, et al; for the PROTECT Investigators. Sparsentan in patients with IgA nephropathy: a prespecified interim analysis from a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial. Lancet . 2023;401(10388):1584-1594. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00569-X
Guidelines
2021 Clinical Practice Guideline
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerular Diseases Work Group. KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases. Kidney Int. 2021;100(4S):S1-S276.
Executive Summary
Rovin BH, Adler SG, Barratt J, et al. Executive summary of the KDIGO 2021 Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases. Kidney Int. 2021 Oct;100(4):753-779.
Top 10 takeaways
Top 10 takeaways for clinicians from the KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of IgA Nephropathy
Slide set based on the KDIGO 2021 Glomerular Diseases Guidelines: IgAN slides 2-10
KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases Pathology Slide Set
Patient Resources
All about kidneys: Patient resources sponsored by European Renal Association
IGA Nephropathy Foundation of America
IgA Nephropathy: Patient resources sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Tools
International IgAN Prediction Tool post-biopsy in adults
Publications
Sparsentan versus irbesartan in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Rheault MN, Alpers CE, Barratt J, et al; DUPRO Steering Committee and DUPLEX Investigators. Sparsentan versus irbesartan in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. N Engl J Med. Published online November 3, 2023. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2308550
DUPLEX study design
Komers R, Diva U, Inrig JK, Loewen A, Trachtman H, Rote WE. Study design of the phase 3 sparsentan versus irbesartan (DUPLEX) study in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5(4):494-502.
Therapeutic trials in adult FSGS: lessons learned and the road forward
De Vriese AS, Wetzels JF, Glassock RJ, Sethi S, Fervenza FC. Therapeutic trials in adult FSGS: lessons learned and the road forward. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17(9):619-630. doi:10.1038/s41581-021-00427-1
Diagnosis and treatment of IgA nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, as discussed in a symposium delivered as part of the European Renal Association (ERA) 59th Congress in Paris, France, May 19-22, 2022
Speakers: Loreto Gesualdo, Sian Griffin, Pierre-Louis Tharaux
Recurrence of FSGS after kidney transplantation in adults
Uffing A, Pérez-Sáez MJ, Mazzali M, et al. Recurrence of FSGS after kidney transplantation in adults. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(2):247-256. doi:10.2215/CJN.08970719
An outcomes-based definition of proteinuria remission in FSGS
Troost JP, Trachtman H, Nachman PH, et al. An outcomes-based definition of proteinuria remission in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13(3):414-421. doi:10.2215/CJN.04780517
DUET: a phase 2 study evaluating the efficacy and safety of sparsentan in patients with FSGS
Trachtman H, Nelson P, Adler S, et al. DUET: a phase 2 study evaluating the efficacy and safety of sparsentan in patients with FSGS. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(11):2745-2754. doi:10.1681/ASN.2018010091
Guidelines
2021 Clinical Practice Guideline
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerular Diseases Work Group. KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases. Kidney Int. 2021;100(4S):S1-S276.
Executive Summary
Rovin BH, Adler SG, Barratt J, et al. Executive summary of the KDIGO 2021 Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases. Kidney Int. 2021;100(4):753-779.
Top 10 takeaways
Top 10 takeaways for clinicians from the KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Slide set based on the KDIGO 2021 Glomerular Diseases Guidelines: FSGS slides 27-32
KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases Pathology Slide Set
Patient Resources
Patient resources sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation
Publications
Real-world assessment
Germain MJ, Paul SK, Fadda G, et al. Real-world assessment: effectiveness and safety of extended-release calcifediol and other vitamin D therapies for secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD patients. BMC Nephrol. 2022;23(1):362.
Renal association commentary on the KDIGO (2017) clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of CKD-MBD
Burton JO, Goldsmith DJ, Ruddock N, Shroff R, Wan M. Renal association commentary on the KDIGO (2017) clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of CKD-MBD. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):240. doi:10.1186/s12882-018-1037-8
Rationale for raising current clinical practice guideline target for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in chronic kidney disease
Strugnell SA, Sprague SM, Ashfaq A, Petkovich M, Bishop CW. Rationale for raising current clinical practice guideline target for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol. 2019;49(4):284-293. doi:10.1159/000499187
Extended-release calcifediol in stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease: a new therapy for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with hypovitaminosis D
Cozzolino M, Minghetti P, Navarra P. Extended-release calcifediol in stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease: a new therapy for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with hypovitaminosis D. J Nephrol. 2022;35(3):863-873. doi: 10.1007/s40620-021-01152-5.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism and adverse health outcomes in adults with chronic kidney disease
Xu Y, Evans M, Soro M, Barany P, Carrero JJ. Secondary hyperparathyroidism and adverse health outcomes in adults with chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidny J. 2021;14(10):2213-2220. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfab006
Guidelines
KDIGO 2017 Clinical Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD)
Patient Resources
American Kidney Fund
Secondary hyperparathyroidism: symptoms, causes & treatment
Publications
Treatment of calciphylaxis in CKD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Udomkarnjananun S, Kongnatthasate K, Praditpornsilpa K, Eiam-Ong S, Jaber BL, Susantitaphong P. Treatment of calciphylaxis in CKD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int Rep. 2019;4(2):231-244. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.10.002.
The CALCIPHYX study: a randomized double-blind, placebo controlled, phase 3 clinical trial of SNF472 for the treatment of calciphylaxis
Sinha S, Gould LJ, Nigwekar SU, et al. The CALCIPHYX study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 clinical trial of SNF472 for the treatment of calciphylaxis. Clin Kidney J. 2022;15(1):136-144. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfab117
Calciphylaxis and its diagnosis: a review
Baby D, Upadhyay M, Joseph MD, et al. Calciphylaxis and its diagnosis: a review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(9):2763-2767. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_588_19
Publications
Assessment of the physical dependence potential of difelikefalin: randomized placebo-controlled study in patients receiving hemodialysis
Spencer RH, Munera C, Shram MJ, Menzaghi F. Assessment of the physical dependence potential of difelikefalin: randomized placebo-controlled study in patients receiving hemodialysis. Clin Transl Sci. Published online May 1, 2023. doi:10.1111/cts.13538
Difelikefalin for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pruritus associated with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis
Rastogi A, Fishbane S, Lerma E. Difelikefalin for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pruritus associated with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2023;16(5):387-400. doi:10.1080/17512433.2023.2197209
The first real-world experience of IV difelikefalin to treat chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus in haemodialysis patients
Kraft L, Schanz M, Schricker S, et al. The first real-world experience of IV difelikefalin to treat chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus in haemodialysis patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Published online April 5, 2023. doi:10.1111/jdv.19105
Moderate-to-severe pruritus in untreated or non-responsive hemodialysis patients: results of the French prospective multicenter observational study Pruripreva
Lanot A, Bataille S, Rostoker G, et al. Moderate-to-severe pruritus in untreated or non-responsive hemodialysis patients: results of the French prospective multicenter observational study Pruripreva. Clin Kidney J. Published online February 20, 2023. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfad032
Efficacy of difelikefalin for the treatment of moderate to severe pruritus in hemodialysis patients: pooled analysis of KALM-1 and KALM-2 phase 3 studies
Topf J, Wooldridge T, McCafferty K, et al. Efficacy of difelikefalin for the treatment of moderate to severe pruritus in hemodialysis patients: pooled analysis of KALM-1 and KALM-2 phase 3 studies. Kidney Med. 2022;4(8):100512. doi:10.1016/j.xkme.2022.100512
Safety and tolerability of difelikefalin for the treatment of moderate to severe pruritus in hemodialysis patients: pooled analysis from the phase 3 clinical trial program
Fishbane S, Wen W, Munera C, et al. Safety and tolerability of difelikefalin for the treatment of moderate to severe pruritus in hemodialysis patients: pooled analysis from the phase 3 clinical trial program. Kidney Med. 2022;4(8):100513. doi:10.1016/j.xkme.2022.100513
A phase 3 trial of difelikefalin in hemodialysis patients with pruritus
Fishbane S, Jamal A, Munera C, Wen W, Menzaghi F; KALM-1 Trial Investigators. A phase 3 trial of difelikefalin in hemodialysis patients with pruritus. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(3):222-232.
Alleviating symptoms in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis: a focus on chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus
Agarwal R, Burton J, Gallieni M, et al. Alleviating symptoms in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis: a focus on chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus. Clin Kidney J . 2022;16(1):30-40. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfac187
Do you feel itchy? A guide towards diagnosis and measurement of chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus in dialysis patients
Manenti L, Leuci E. Do you feel itchy? A guide towards diagnosis and measurement of chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus in dialysis patients. Clin Kidney J . 2021;14(Suppl 3):i8-i15. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfab143
A review of the management of uremic pruritus: current perspectives and future directions
Westby EP, Purdy KS, Tennankore KK. A review of the management of uremic pruritus: current perspectives and future directions. Itch. 2020;5(3):e38. doi:10.1097/itx.0000000000000038
Self-reported pruritus and clinical, dialysis-related, and patient-reported outcomes in hemodialysis patients
Sukul N, Karaboyas A, Csomor PA, et al. Self-reported pruritus and clinical, dialysis-related, and patient-reported outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Med. 2020;3(1):42-53.e1. doi:10.1016/j.xkme.2020.08.011
Pruritus associated with chronic kidney disease: a comprehensive literature review
Swarna SS, Aziz K, Zubair T, Qadir N, Khan M. Pruritus associated with chronic kidney disease: a comprehensive literature review. Cureus. 2019;11(7):e5256. doi:10.7759/cureus.5256
International comparisons of prevalence, awareness, and treatment of pruritus in people on hemodialysis
Rayner HC, Larkina M, Wang M, et al. International comparisons of prevalence, awareness, and treatment of pruritus in people on hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(12):2000-2007. doi:10.2215/CJN.03280317
Guidelines
Difelikefalin for treating pruritus in people having haemodialysis
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Committee B Members and NICE Project Team. Difelikefalin for treating pruritus in people having haemodialysis. Guidance published May 17, 2023.
S2k guideline: diagnosis and treatment of chronic pruritus
Ständer S, Zeidler C, Augustin M, et al. S2k guideline: diagnosis and treatment of chronic pruritus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2022;20(10):1387-1402. doi:10.1111/ddg.14830
Patient Resources
Patient resources sponsored by the American Association of Kidney Patients (AAKP)
Publications
Safety and efficacy of patiromer in hyperkalemic patients with ckd: a pooled analysis of three randomized trials
Haller H, Bianchi S, McCafferty K, et al. Safety and efficacy of patiromer in hyperkalemic patients with ckd: a pooled analysis of three randomized trials. Kidney360. 2022;3(12):2019-2026. doi:10.34067/KID.0001562022
Patiromer for the management of hyperkalemia in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the DIAMOND trial
Butler J, Anker SD, Lund LH, et al. Patiromer for the management of hyperkalemia in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the DIAMOND trial. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(41):4362-4373. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac401
Hyperkalemia in chronic kidney disease: links, risks and management
Sarnowski A, Gama RM, Dawson A, Mason H, Banerjee D. Hyperkalemia in chronic kidney disease: links, risks and management. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2022;15:215-228. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S326464
The future burden of CKD in the United States: a simulation model for the CDC CKD Initiative
Hoerger TJ, Simpson SA, Yarnoff BO, et al. The future burden of CKD in the United States: a simulation model for the CDC CKD Initiative. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65(3):403-411. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.09.023
Real-world evaluation of patiromer for the treatment of hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients
Kovesdy CP, Rowan CG, Conrad A, et al. Real-world evaluation of patiromer for the treatment of hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int Rep. 2018;4(2):301-309. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.10.020.
Guidelines
Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)
de Boer IH, Khunti K, Sadusky T, et al. Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Diabetes Care . 2022;45(12):3075-3090. doi:10.2337/dci22-0027
KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease